Byzantine & Muslim World

  •  The Muslim World. 


    ISLAM NOTES


    Study Sheet for chapter test—Islam

    Janissaries

    Caliph

    Islam

    Mosque

    Qu’ran 

    Oasis 

    Terrace 

    Camels 

    nomad

    pilgrimage

    Mecca

    Angel Gabriel

    Allah/Monotheism

    Ramadan

    Quraysh 

    Muhammad 

    Khadija

    Hajj

    Kaaba

    Fast

    Daily Worship

    Profession of Faith

    Algebra

    Herbal medicines

    Astrolabe

    People, Activities, and Parts of a Mosque:

    qiblah wall

    sahn

    mihrab

    minbar

    ablution fountain

    khutba

    adhan

    imam

    muessin

    minaret

    arcade

    prayer hall 

     

    Differences between Sunni and Shia (AKA Shiite) Muslims:

    Shia

    Sunni

    What was used to decorate mosques?

    What helped spread Islam?

    What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

     

    EXTRA CREDIT:

    The five pillars of Islam names in Arabic with their English translations

    Salat           Prayer                                     

    Hajj             Pilgrimage to Mecca                           

    Sawm           Ritual fast  

    Shahada       Profession of faith

    Zakat          Almsgiving

     

    The Arabic word and its English Translation:

    Islam

    Prophet Muhammad

    God

    Qur’an

    Muslims

    Development of a Muslim Empire

     

    Sunnis

    •Believe Muslim leadership passes to caliphs elected from Muslim families

    •Support rule of Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman

    •Believe every individual has a direct relationship with Allah

    Shia’s

    •Believe that leadership is limited to descendants of  Muhammad

    •Reject rule of first three caliphs

    •Feel that imam provides a spiritual to Allah

     

    Both

    •Accept Muhammad as God’s final prophet

    •Believe that the Qur’an contains the word of Allah

    •Use the Five Pillars of Faith as a guide for proper behavior

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    The Prophet Muhammad

     

    Arabia Before Muhammad

      Makkah (Mecca) was an important trade stop and religious center of Arabia

      The Kaaba (shrine with religious idols) was located in Mecca

      Arabs practiced animistic polytheism (many gods)

      The Quraysh were a local tribe of Arabs who protected the idols in the Kaaba for a fee


    Muhammad’s Call to Prophet hood

        Muhammad, a member of the Quraysh tribe, was raised by his uncle, Abu Talib

        He worked for a wealthy widow, Khadija, then later he married her and has 7 kids (only 1 daughter-Fatima- survived)

     

    Muhammad Spreads the Word of Allah

    Muhammad’s main teachings were:

       There was only one God “Allah” and all should submit to him

       All believers in Allah were equal

       The rich should share with the poor

       People should live righteously

       All people would be subject to a Judgement Day

       People of Mecca were angry…they did not want to give up their idols

     

    The Emigration to Medina

       Muhammad was welcomed in Yathrib

       The journey from Mecca to Yathrib is called the hijrah and marks the beginning of Islam and the Muslim Calendar

      Some Jewish leaders did not accept Muhammad as God’s latest prophet

      Muhammad told Muslims to pray in the direction of Jerusalem, but later changed it to he Kaaba in Mecca

     

    The Return to Mecca

       The Quraysh became hostile towards Muslims

       Muhammad's army defeated them in battle and captured Mecca; they destroyed the idols in the Kaaba and rededicated it to Allah

      Muhammad led the hajj, or the pilgrimage of farewell in 632.

        Muslims imitate his specific actions in the “pilgrimage to Mecca”

     

    Islam as a Way of Life

                Five Pillars of Islamic Faith

    1. Shahada: Profession of Faith: “There is only one God, Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet”
    2. Salat: Daily Worship: five times a day; guided by a precise set of rituals
    3. Zakat: Almsgiving: 2 ½ % of a Muslim’s income or 1/40th of all they possess annually
    4. Sawm: Fast: from sunrise to sunset during the holy time of Ramadan
    5. Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca: undertaken once in a lifetime; reminder of equality between all Muslims  

     


    F    orm and Function of a Mosque

    A mosque is a Muslim house of worship.  The typical mosque is a flat, rectangular building with a circular dome on top.  Towers, called minarets, are part of the structure.  The central organizing feature of the mosque is its orientation toward the spiritual center of the Muslim world, the Kaaba, which is the house of Allah in Mecca.